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| c. 232 |
| | A house in Doura-Europus is adapted for Christian worship - the earliest surviving example of its kind | |
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| c. 475 |
| | The Syrian desert is full of hermits living on pillars, following the example of St Simeon Stylites | |
| | Pillar of Simeon the Stylite Fotofile CG
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| 634 |
| | Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert | |
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| 661 |
| | Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty | |
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| c. 670 |
| | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| 750 |
| | The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate | |
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| 1142 |
| | The great castle of Krak des Chevaliers is built in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem by the Knights of St John | |
| | Krak des Chevaliers Fotofile CG
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| 1144 |
| | The city of Edessa is captured by Zangi, a Mameluke general, in the first setback for the crusaders in the Middle East | |
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| 1154 |
| | The inhabitants of Damascus surrender their city to Nur ed-Din, helping him greatly in his campaign against the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem | |
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| c. 1275 |
| | The Mamelukes control Palestine and Syria, bringing the region securely back into Muslim hands | |
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